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Joe Hill, born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund in Gävle, Sweden, and also known as Joseph Hillström (October 7, 1879 – November 19, 1915) was a Swedish-American labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, familiarly called the "Wobblies").〔William M. Adler, ''The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon'', Bloomsbury USA, 2011, pp. 92-94, 121〕 A native Swedish speaker, he learned English during the early 1900s, while working various jobs from New York to San Francisco.〔Adler, ''The Man Who Never Died'', 2011, pp. 115-119.〕 Hill, an immigrant worker frequently facing unemployment and underemployment, became a popular songwriter and cartoonist for the radical union. His most famous songs include "The Preacher and the Slave" (in which he coined the phrase "pie in the sky"〔Adler, William (2011), ''The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon'', Bloomsbury USA, p.182.〕), "The Tramp", "There is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab", which express the harsh but combative life of itinerant workers, and call for workers to organize their efforts to improve working conditions.〔Adler, ''The Man Who Never Died'', 2011, pp. 12-13, 206.〕 In 1914, John G. Morrison, a Salt Lake City area grocer and former policeman, and his son were shot and killed by two men.〔Adler, ''The Man Who Never Died'', 2011, pp. 44-52.〕 The same evening, Hill arrived at a doctor's office with a gunshot wound, and briefly mentioned a fight over a woman. Yet Hill refused to explain further, even after he was accused of the grocery store murders on the basis of his injury. Hill was convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. Following an unsuccessful appeal, political debates, and international calls for clemency from high-profile figures and workers' organizations, Hill was executed in November 1915. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs. His life and death have inspired books and poetry. The identity of the woman and the rival who supposedly caused Hill's injury, though frequently speculated upon, remained mostly conjecture for nearly a century. William M. Adler's 2011 biography of Hill reveals new information about his alibi, which was never introduced at his trial.〔Steven Greenhouse (quoting John R. Sillito, retired archivist at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah), ''The New York Times'', "Examining a Labor Hero’s Death", August 27, 2011, p. A10.〕 According to Adler, Hill and his friend and countryman, Otto Appelquist, were rivals for the attention of 20-year-old Hilda Erickson, a member of the family with whom the two men were lodging. In a recently discovered letter, Erickson confirmed her relationship with the two men and the rivalry between them. The letter indicates that when she first discovered Hill was injured, he explained to her that Appelquist had shot him, apparently out of jealousy.〔Adler, ''The Man Who Never Died'', 2011, pp. 294-297.〕 ==Early life== Joel Emmanuel Hägglund was born 1879 in Gävle (then spelled Gefle), a city in the province of Gästrikland, Sweden. He was the third child in a family of nine, where three children died young. His father, Olof, worked as a conductor on the Gefle-Dala railway line.〔(Joe's bio. ) Retrieved 29 June 2014.〕 Olof died at the age of 41, and his death meant economic disaster for the family. Joe's mother Margareta Catharina did, however, succeed in keeping the family together until she died in 1902. The Hägglund family home still stands in Gävle at the address Nedre Bergsgatan 28, in ''Gamla Stan'', the Old Town. it houses a museum and the ''Joe Hill-gården'', which hosts cultural events. In his late teens-early 20s, Joel fell seriously ill with skin and glandular tuberculosis, and underwent extensive treatment in Stockholm. In 1902, when about 23, he and his brother Paul emigrated to the United States. Hill became an itinerant laborer, moving from New York City to Cleveland, Ohio, and eventually to the west coast. He was in San Francisco, California, at the time of the 1906 earthquake. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joe Hill」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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